PASNP ethnicity Korea

From Bioanthropology

 

1. Name of Contributor / Country / Institution :

• Jong Bhak, Korea, KOBIC, KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea

• Hyungrae Kim, CGS, KNIH, Korea

   

2. No. of samples and relevant ethnic code/s :

• 90 samples: KR_KR

3. For each ethnic group, state :
    a) Location of samples collection (incl. latitude and longitude) :

• AnSung city, Gyunggi-province, central Korea.

• Sampling was random out of 50,000 residents

• Lattitude:36°56'11.69", Longitude: 127°29'37.52"E:

• Ansung city location map

    b) Language spoken and which linguistic family it belongs to (Do refer to

http://www.ethnologue.com if uncertain): Korean, Altaic language family.

• Ethnologue: SIL code:KKN, ISO 639-1:ko , ISO 639-2:kor

    c) Migration history description and Timelines.

The Koreans are generally considered a northeast Asian group. Archeological data showed the earliest modern human lithic cultures are from 25,000 to 45,000 years ago in the Altai Mountains and Siberia, and the Korean Peninsula (Vasil’ev 1993). The proto-Koreans may have shared a common origin with the northeast Asian groups who inhabited the Altai Mountains and Lake Baikal of Siberia (Kim 1970). Also, there is evidence for recent migration and expansions via north China to Korea (Choi and Rhee 2001). According to Korea’s founding myths, the first state-level society was established at 2,333BC in the region of Manchuria. Archeological evidence implies that rice cultivation had spread to throughout Korean Peninsula by 1,000 BC, introduced from the Yangtze River basin in southern China. Studies of protein and nuclear DNA markers show that Koreans have a close genetic affinity with Mongolians among northeast Asians (Goedde et al. 1987; Saha and Tay 1992; Hong et al. 1993). In contrast, mitochondrial DNA variation indicates that the Koreans are more closely related to the Chinese and Japanese among east Asian populations (Harihara et al. 1988; Horai et al. 1996). Recent studies of Y-chromosomal DNA markers show that the Koreans possess lineages from both northeast and southeast Asia (Kim et al., 2001; Karafet et al. 2001) and the peopling of Korea can be seen as a complex process with an initial northern Asian settlement followed by several migrations, mostly from southern-to-northern China (Jin et al., 2003)

• Vasil’ev SA (1993) The upper Paleolithic of northern Asia. Curr Anthropol 34:82–92

• Kim K (1970) People and language. In: Kim K (ed) Korea – its people and cultures. Hakwonsa, Seoul, pp 10-20

• Choi ML, Rhee SN (2001) Korean archaeology for the 21st century: from prehistory to State formation. Seoul J Kor Studies 14:117–147

• Goedde HW, Paik YK, Lee CC, Benkmann HG, Kriese L, Bogdanski P, Winkler M (1987) Red cell and serum protein polymorphisms in three population groups of south Korea. Gene Geogr 1:177–188

• Saha N, Tay JSH (1992) Origin of the Koreans: a population genetic study. Am J Phys Anthropol 88:27–36

• Hong SS, Suh JA, Chae JJ, Goh SH, Kim YS, Kim UK, Namkoong Y, Lee CC (1993) Frequency distribution of alleles at D1S80 and apo-B 3’ VNTR loci in Korean population. Mol Cell 3:457–453

• Harihara S, Saitou N, Hirai M, Gojobori T, Park KS, Misawa S, Ellepola SB, Ishida T, Omoto K (1988) Mitochondrial DNA
  polymorphism among five Asian populations. Am J Hum Genet 43:134–143

• Horai S, Murayama K, Hayasaka K, Matsubayashi S, Hattori Y, Fucharoen G, Harihara S, Park KS, Omoto K, Pan IH (1996) mtDNA polymorphism in east Asian populations, with special reference to the peopling of Japan. Am J Hum Genet 59:579–590

• Kim W, Shin DJ, Harihara S, Kim YJ (2000) Y chromosomal DNA variation in east Asian populations and its potential for
  inferring the peopling of Korea. J Hum Genet 45:76–83

• Karafet T, Xu L, Du R, Wang W, Feng S, Wells RS, Redd AJ, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (2001) Paternal population history of east Asia: sources, patterns, and microevolutionary processes. Am J Hum Genet 69:615–628

• Han-Jun Jin · Kyoung-Don Kwak · Michael F. Hammer ·Yutaka Nakahori · Toshikatsu Shinka · Ju-Won Lee ·Feng Jin · Xuming Jia · Chris Tyler-Smith · Wook Kim, Y-chromosomal DNA haplogroups and their implications
  for the dual origins of the Koreans, Hum Genet (2003) 114 : 27–35
  
  

4. Supporting archeological evidence and references (peer reviewed intl. publications)

The earliest radiocarbon dates for this period indicate the antiquity of occupation on the Korean peninsula is between 40,000 and 30,000 B.P. (Bae 2002). The Jeulmun pottery period is an archaeological era in Korean prehistory that dates to approximately 8000-1500 B.C. (Crawford and Lee 2003; Lee 2001). Mumun pottery period followed Jeulmun pottery period (1500-300 BC). From protohistoric period (300 BC - 300/400 AD) and three kingdoms of Korea have historical records and show no significant ethnic migration in and out of Korean peninsula.

Paleolithic c. 40,000/30,000 - c. 8,000 BC
Jeulmun pottery period c. 8,000 BC - 1500 BC
Mumun pottery period c. 1500 BC - 300 BC
Protohistoric period c. 300 BC - AD 300/400
Three Kingdoms of Korea c. AD 300/400 - AD 668

• Bae, Kidong. Radiocarbon Dates from Palaeolithic Sites in Korea, Radiocarbon 44(2):473-476, 2002.

• Bale, Martin T. Archaeology of Early Agriculture in Korea: An Update on Recent Developments. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 21(5):77-84, 2001.

• Crawford, Gary W. and Gyoung-Ah Lee. Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula. Antiquity 77(295):87-95, 2003.

• Lee, June-Jeong. From Shellfish Gathering to Agriculture in Prehistoric Korea: The Chulmun to Mumun Transition. PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madision. Proquest, Ann Arbor, 2001.
  
  
  

5. Specific cultural aspects or any other information you think will be relevant to the publication

Koreans are generally believed to be of Tungusic-Altaic linguistic lineage, linking them with Mongolians and other Central Asians, as well as with the Japanese.

Studies of classical genetic polymorphisms generally place the Koreans in a tight cluster with the Mongols and Manchus to their west and north. However, recent advances in the study of polymorphisms in the human Y-chromosome have produced evidence to suggest that the Korean people have a very long history as a distinct, mostly endogamous ethnic group, as male Koreans display a high frequency of Y-chromosomes belonging to Haplogroup O2b1 that are more or less specific to Korean populations.